In a 2,700-km² area in the eastern San Joaquin Valley, California (USA), data from multiple sources were used to determine interrelations among hydrogeologic factors, reduction-oxidation (redox) conditions, and temporal and spatial distributions of nitrate (NO₃), a widely detected groundwater contaminant. Groundwater is predominantly modern, or mixtures of modern water, with detectable NO₃ and oxic redox conditions, but some zones have anoxic or mixed redox conditions. Anoxic conditions were associated with long residence times that occurred near the valley trough and in areas of historical groundwater discharge with shallow depth to water. Anoxic conditions also were associated with interactions of shallow, modern groundwater with soils. NO₃ concentrations were significantly lower in anoxic than oxic or mixed redox groundwater, primarily because residence times of anoxic waters exceed the duration of increased pumping and fertilizer use associated with modern agriculture. Effects of redox reactions on NO₃ concentrations were relatively minor. Dissolved N₂ gas data indicated that denitrification has eliminated >5 mg/L NO₃–N in about 10% of 39 wells. Increasing NO₃ concentrations over time were slightly less prevalent in anoxic than oxic or mixed redox groundwater. Spatial and temporal trends of NO₃ are primarily controlled by water and NO₃ fluxes of modern land use.